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Home/Arabic–English Dictionary

Arabic–English Islamic Dictionary

224 terms · Quranic vocabulary, fiqh, aqida, tafsir and Islamic concepts explained in English

Each entry includes the original Arabic script, transliteration, root analysis, theological definition, and Quranic or hadith references — designed to serve both English-speaking learners and scholars.

AllFiqhAqidahTafsirHadithSufismQuranEthicsWorship

صِرَاط

Quran ×45

Sirat (The Path)

sirat

Aqidah · Quran

Sirat has two meanings: the straight path (sirat al-mustaqim) that believers follow in this life, and the bridge over Hell on the Day of Judgment. The opening surah of the Quran, Al-Fatiha, asks Allah: 'Guide us to the straight path.' In eschatology, all humans must cross the bridge over Hell; the righteous will cross swiftly while the sinful will fall.

الصِّرَاط الْمُسْتَقِيم

Quran ×45

Al-Sirat al-Mustaqim (The Straight Path)

al-sirat al-mustaqim

Aqidah · Quran

Al-Sirat al-Mustaqim — the straight path — is invoked at least 17 times daily in Al-Fatiha: 'Guide us to the straight path.' It is the path of the prophets, the truthful, the martyrs, and the righteous (4:69). Following it requires holding to the Quran, the Sunnah, and the scholarly consensus of the Muslim community. In eschatology, the sirat is also the bridge over Hell that all souls must cross on the Day of Judgment.

سُبْحَانَ اللّٰه

Quran ×41

SubhanAllah (Glory be to Allah)

subhanallah

Quran · Ethics

SubhanAllah means 'Glory be to Allah' — declaring Allah free from all imperfections, deficiencies, and any likeness to creation. The act of glorification is called tasbih, and the prayer beads used for it share this name. The Prophet said these four words — SubhanAllah, Alhamdulillah, La ilaha illallah, and Allahu Akbar — are more beloved to him than all that the sun rises upon.

1234

About This Dictionary

The Islam Agenda Arabic–English Dictionary is a curated reference for English-speaking Muslims, students of Islamic studies, and anyone seeking to understand the theological vocabulary of the Quran and classical Islamic scholarship. Each entry includes the original Arabic script with diacritics, romanized transliteration, root letters (which unlock the word's family of meanings), grammatical category, and a scholarly definition.

Where applicable, entries note how many times the word — or its root — appears in the Quran, providing an immediate sense of the term's centrality in Islamic thought. Contextual sections include Quranic verse references translated according to Sahih International and hadith citations from Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.

The dictionary is organised into eight disciplines — Fiqh, Aqidah, Tafsir, Hadith, Sufism, Seerah, Worship, and Ethics — reflecting the major branches of Islamic knowledge. Use the filters above to browse by category, or search for a specific term to access its full entry.

What Each Entry Contains

Arabic Script & Root

The word in its original Arabic with vowel marks (tashkeel), its three-letter root, and transliteration into Latin script.

Scholarly Definition

A concise 50–60 word definition optimised for clarity, followed by a detailed explanation drawing on classical and contemporary scholarship.

Quranic & Hadith Context

Key verses from the Quran and prophetic traditions that illustrate how the term is used in its primary sources.

Frequently Asked Questions

What sources does this dictionary use?

Definitions are drawn from the Quran (Sahih International translation), Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and established works of Islamic jurisprudence and theology. Classical Arabic lexicons such as Lisān al-ʿArab inform root analyses.

صُكُوك

Sukuk (Islamic Bonds)

sukuk

Fiqh

Sukuk are Islamic financial certificates equivalent to bonds but structured to comply with Sharia prohibition of riba. Unlike conventional bonds, sukuk represent ownership stakes in an underlying asset or project. Holders receive returns from asset revenues, not interest. The global sukuk market has grown exponentially, with Gulf states, Malaysia, and Turkey as major issuers. Sukuk enables large-scale Islamic capital market activity.

شُكْر

Quran ×75

Shukr (Gratitude)

shukr

Ethics · Quran

Shukr is gratitude to Allah expressed through the heart, tongue, and limbs. The Quran promises: 'If you are grateful, I will surely increase you' (14:7). Heart gratitude means recognizing blessings as from Allah; verbal gratitude is saying Alhamdulillah; physical gratitude means using blessings in obedience to Allah. Shukr is the opposite of ingratitude (kufran al-ni'ma).

شُكْر

Quran ×75

Shukr (Gratitude)

shukr

Ethics · Quran

Shukr means gratitude and thankfulness to Allah for His blessings. Appearing 75 times in the Quran, it is expressed through the heart (acknowledging blessings), the tongue (saying Alhamdulillah), and limbs (using blessings in obedience to Allah). Allah promises: "If you are grateful, I will certainly increase you in favor." (Quran 14:7)

سُنَّة

Quran ×16

Sunna (Prophetic Practice)

sunna

Fiqh · Hadith

Sunna refers to the words, actions, and tacit approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. It is the second primary source of Islamic law after the Quran. In jurisprudence, sunna as a legal ruling means a recommended act whose performance is rewarded but whose omission is not punished. It is divided into sunna mu'akkada (emphasized) and ghair mu'akkada (non-emphasized).

سُنَّة

Quran ×16

Sunnah

sunnah

Fiqh · Hadith

Sunnah refers to the practices, sayings, and tacit approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. As a source of Islamic law, it is second only to the Quran. In jurisprudence, it also denotes recommended acts — those encouraged by the Prophet but whose omission is not sinful. Following the Sunnah is considered an act of love for Allah.

سُورَة

Quran ×9

Sura (Chapter of the Quran)

sura

Tafsir · Quran

A sura is a chapter of the Quran. The Quran contains 114 suras of varying lengths, from the three-verse Al-Kawthar to the 286-verse Al-Baqara. Meccan suras (revealed before Hijra) focus on theology and faith; Medinan suras address social, legal, and community matters. All suras except At-Tawba begin with the Basmala (Bismillah ir-Rahman ir-Rahim).

التَّابِعُون

Tabi'un

tābiʿīn

Hadith · Seerah

The Tabi'un (followers) are the generation after the Companions — Muslims who did not meet the Prophet but met at least one Companion in a state of faith and learned from them. They form the critical second generation of Islam's transmission chain. The Prophet praised the first three generations as the best of people.

طَهَارَة

Quran ×6

Tahara (Purification)

tahara

Fiqh

Tahara means ritual purity in Islamic law, encompassing both physical cleanliness and spiritual purification. It is a prerequisite for prayer (salah) and reciting the Quran. Minor impurity (hadath asghar) is removed by wudu, while major impurity (hadath akbar) requires ghusl. The Prophet said: "Cleanliness is half of faith."

تَقْوَى

Quran ×258

Taqwa

taqwā

Aqidah · Quran · Ethics

Taqwa is an Arabic term meaning God-consciousness, piety, and mindful fear of Allah. Derived from the root meaning "to protect", it refers to guarding oneself from sin by obeying Allah's commands. Occurring 258 times in the Quran, taqwa is considered the foundation of righteous character in Islam.

طَلَاق

Quran ×7

Talaq (Divorce)

talaq

Fiqh · Quran

Talaq is the Islamic form of divorce initiated by the husband. The Prophet described it as 'the most disliked of permissible acts to Allah.' Islam grants three opportunities for talaq, with the first two allowing reconciliation (raj'a) within the waiting period (idda). The third talaq results in permanent separation unless the woman marries another man and is divorced by him. The idda period protects the wife's welfare and establishes paternity.

طَرِيقَة

Tariqa (Sufi Order)

tariqa

Sufism

A tariqa is a Sufi spiritual path and brotherhood organized around a founding master (shaykh). Members follow a systematic program of dhikr, muraqaba, service, and spiritual discipline under the shaykh's guidance. Major orders include the Qadiri, Naqshbandi, Halveti, Shadhili, and Mevlevi. Tariqas have historically served as centers of Islamic spirituality, education, and cultural production across the Muslim world.

التَّضَرُّع

Quran ×7

Tadarru'

taḍarruʿ

Worship · Sufism

Tadarru' is the act of imploring Allah with total humility and a sense of helplessness — prostrating the heart before Him in sincere supplication. The Quran commands "Call upon your Lord in humility and privately" (7:55). It embodies complete dependence on Allah and is considered the spirit that gives du'a its power of acceptance.

تَجْوِيد

Tajwid (Quran Recitation Rules)

tajwid

Tafsir · Quran

Tajwid is the science of reciting the Quran correctly — giving each letter its proper articulation point (makhraj) and attributes (sifat). The Quran commands: 'Recite the Quran slowly and distinctly' (73:4). Tajwid rules govern pronunciation of letters, elongation (madd), assimilation (idgham), nasalization (ghunna), and more. Proper tajwid preserves the Quran's meaning and honors its divine origin.

تَدَبُّر

Quran ×4

Tadabbur (Pondering the Qur'an)

tadabbur

Tafsir · Quran

Tadabbur means deep reflection and contemplation of Quranic verses — going beyond recitation to understand, feel, and act upon their meanings. The Quran asks repeatedly: 'Do they not reflect on the Quran?' (4:82). The Prophet's companions were known for their depth of tadabbur; Ibn Masud said they did not memorize ten verses until they understood and acted upon them. Tadabbur transforms recitation from a ritual into a life-changing encounter.

تَفْسِير

Quran ×1

Tafsir (Quranic Exegesis)

tafsir

Tafsir

Tafsir is the science of Quranic interpretation and exegesis. It explains the meaning of Quranic verses using Arabic linguistics, hadith, context of revelation (asbab al-nuzul), and legal principles. Major classical tafsir works include Al-Tabari's Jami al-Bayan, Al-Razi's Mafatih al-Ghayb, and Ibn Kathir's Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim. Tafsir is divided into riwaya (tradition-based) and diraya (reason-based).

التَّهَجُّد

Quran ×1

Tahajjud (Night Vigil Prayer)

tahajjud

Worship · Quran

Tahajjud is the voluntary night prayer performed after sleeping and waking in the last third of the night. The Quran commands the Prophet: 'Rise during the night and pray as an additional offering — perhaps your Lord will raise you to a praised station' (17:79). The Prophet described it as the most excellent voluntary prayer after the obligatory ones. Allah especially descends in the final third of the night to answer supplications.

التَّرَاوِيح

Tarawih

tarāwīḥ

Worship

Tarawih is the voluntary night prayer performed in congregation throughout Ramadan, after the Isha prayer. Typically consisting of 20 units, it often features a complete recitation of the Quran over the month. The Prophet prayed it and it was systematically organised as a congregational prayer by Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab.

تَوَاضُع

Tawadu' (Humility)

tawāḍuʿ

Ethics · Sufism

Tawadu' means humility and modesty — the absence of arrogance and pride. One of the most prized virtues in Islamic ethics, it is displayed in one's relationship with both Allah and people. The Prophet Muhammad said: "Allah raises those who are humble." Humility is the opposite of kibr (arrogance), which is condemned in the Quran and Sunnah.

تَوَكُّل

Quran ×13

Tawakkul (Trust in Allah)

tawakkul

Sufism · Ethics · Quran

Tawakkul is complete reliance and trust in Allah after taking all necessary means. It is not passivity but active striving followed by surrendering the outcome to Allah. The Quran promises: 'Whoever relies upon Allah — He is sufficient for him' (65:3). The Prophet said: 'Tie your camel first, then put your trust in Allah.' Tawakkul brings inner peace and freedom from anxiety.

تَوَكُّل

Quran ×44

Tawakkul (Trust in Allah)

tawakkul

Sufism · Aqidah · Quran

Tawakkul means complete trust and reliance upon Allah after taking the necessary means. Mentioned 44 times in the Quran, it is not passivity but rather wholehearted dependence on Allah after exhausting one's efforts. The Prophet said: "Tie your camel, then put your trust in Allah." It is a central virtue in Islamic spirituality.

التَّوَسُّل

Quran ×2

Tawassul

tawassul

Aqidah · Worship

Tawassul means seeking a means of approach to Allah in supplication — using an intermediary to draw closer to Him. The Quran commands "Fear Allah and seek the wasilah (means) of approach to Him" (5:35). Accepted forms include making du'a through one's own good deeds or through the Prophet's name. Scholars have differing views on its permissible scope.

تَوْحِيد

Tawhid (Monotheism)

tawhid

Aqidah · Quran

Tawhid is the Islamic concept of the absolute oneness of Allah — the belief that Allah is one, unique, without partner or equal. It is the central pillar of Islamic theology. Scholars categorize tawhid into three types: tawhid al-rububiyya (oneness of lordship), tawhid al-uluhiyya (oneness in worship), and tawhid al-asma wa'l-sifat (oneness of names and attributes).

تَيَمُّم

Quran ×2

Tayammum (Dry Ablution)

tayammum

Fiqh · Quran

Tayammum is the dry ablution performed with clean earth when water is unavailable or its use would be harmful. It substitutes for both wudu and ghusl. Mentioned in Quran 4:43 and 5:6, it involves striking clean earth and wiping the face and hands. Tayammum is a mercy and concession (rukhsa) from Allah reflecting Islam's principle of ease.

تَوْبَة

Quran ×87

Tawbah (Repentance)

tawbah

Aqidah · Ethics

Tawbah means sincere repentance — turning back to Allah with remorse for one's sins, stopping the sinful act, and resolving never to return to it. Mentioned 87 times in the Quran, repentance is one of the most beloved deeds to Allah. The Prophet said: "All children of Adam sin, and the best of sinners are those who repent."

تَوْبَة

Quran ×87

Tawba (Repentance)

tawba

Fiqh · Ethics · Quran

Tawba is sincere repentance and turning back to Allah after sin. Its three conditions are: ceasing the sin, feeling genuine remorse, and resolving never to return to it. If the sin involved wronging another person, making amends is also required. The Quran states: 'Allah loves those who repent' (2:222). The door of repentance remains open until the soul reaches the throat at death.

أُخُوَّة

Quran ×4

Ukhuwwa (Brotherhood)

ukhuwwa

Ethics · Quran

Ukhuwwa means Islamic brotherhood — the bond of faith that unites all Muslims regardless of race, language, or nationality. The Quran declares: 'The believers are but brothers' (49:10). Brotherhood entails love, mutual support, giving sincere counsel (nasiha), supplicating for one another, and protecting each other's rights. The Prophet institutionalized brotherhood by pairing the Ansar and Muhajirun (muakhat).

الْعُلَمَاء

Quran ×2

Ulama

ʿulamāʾ

Hadith · Tafsir

Ulama (singular: alim) are Islamic scholars with deep expertise in religious sciences. The Quran states "Only those with knowledge truly fear Allah" (35:28). Considered the inheritors of the prophets, they serve as religious authority for the Muslim community in matters of fiqh, hadith, tafsir, and aqidah, guiding every generation with sound scholarship.

أُمَّة

Quran ×64

Ummah (Muslim Community)

ummah

Aqidah · Quran · Seerah

Ummah refers to the global Muslim community united by faith in Allah and following Prophet Muhammad. Mentioned 64 times in the Quran, it transcends racial, national, and linguistic boundaries. The Prophet described the Ummah as a single body: "When one limb suffers, the whole body responds with sleeplessness and fever." Unity of the Ummah is an Islamic obligation.

وَاجِب

Wajib (Necessary)

wajib

Fiqh

Wajib in Hanafi jurisprudence is an obligatory act slightly below fard in rank, established by probable (zanni) rather than definitive (qati) evidence. Neglecting it is sinful but less severe than neglecting fard. Examples include witr prayer, udhiyya (sacrifice), and sadaqat al-fitr. In Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali schools, wajib and fard are synonymous.

وَحْي

Quran ×78

Wahy (Divine Revelation)

waḥy

Aqidah · Tafsir · Quran

Wahy refers to divine revelation — the communication from Allah to His prophets. Mentioned 78 times in the Quran, it occurs in multiple forms: through the angel Jibril, through true dreams, or as direct inspiration to the heart. The revelation to Prophet Muhammad produced the Quran and Sunnah. Wahy ended with the Prophet's death.

وَقْف

Waqf (Endowment)

waqf

Fiqh

Waqf is an Islamic endowment in which property is dedicated in perpetuity for charitable purposes. The principal cannot be sold or transferred; only its revenues are used for the designated charitable cause. It is considered sadaqa jariya (ongoing charity) that continues to benefit the donor after death. Mosques, schools, hospitals, and libraries have historically been funded through waqf institutions.

وَفَاء

Quran ×16

Wafa (Faithfulness/Loyalty)

wafa

Ethics · Quran

Wafa means faithfulness and loyalty — fulfilling commitments, covenants, and promises. The Quran commands: 'Fulfil every promise — surely you will be called to account for it' (17:34). Breaking promises is listed as a sign of hypocrisy. Wafa encompasses loyalty to Allah (by maintaining one's covenant of faith), loyalty to the Prophet (by following his Sunnah), and loyalty to people (by keeping one's word).

الْوَلَايَة

Walayah

walāyah

Sufism · Aqidah

Walayah means sainthood and closeness to Allah — the state of being a wali (friend) of Allah, characterised by nearness, divine protection, and constant God-consciousness. In Sufi theology it is the highest spiritual station after prophethood. The Quran promises "Truly the awliya of Allah have no fear, nor do they grieve" (10:62).

وَرَع

Wara' (Scrupulousness)

wara

Sufism · Ethics

Wara' is scrupulous piety — abstaining not only from what is clearly forbidden but also from doubtful matters (shubuhat). The Prophet said: 'Leave what causes you doubt for what does not cause you doubt.' Wara' is considered a higher degree of taqwa. In Sufi ethics, it is one of the essential stations of the spiritual path, reflecting a heart so attuned to divine displeasure that it avoids even permissible acts that might lead to harm.

الْوِرْد

Wird

wird

Sufism · Worship

Wird is a personal daily devotional routine — a structured schedule of Quranic recitations, prayers, and dhikr performed at set times, typically morning and evening. In Sufi tradition each order has its own prescribed wird. It is a means of spiritual discipline, maintaining constant connection with Allah and purifying the heart through regular remembrance.

الْيَقِين

Quran ×28

Yaqin

yaqīn

Aqidah · Sufism

Yaqin means certainty — the state of conviction completely free of doubt. Sufi scholars distinguish three levels: ilm al-yaqin (certainty through knowledge), ayn al-yaqin (certainty through direct observation), and haqq al-yaqin (certainty through direct experience). The Quran presents yaqin as the highest goal of faith and the summit of God-consciousness.

الْعِشَاء

Quran ×1

Isha (Night Prayer)

isha

Worship

Isha is the fifth and final obligatory daily prayer, performed after twilight has fully disappeared. Its window extends until midnight (or dawn in some opinions). The Prophet said the Isha and Fajr prayers are the most difficult for hypocrites — those who consistently pray them in congregation gain enormous reward. Isha closes the day's worship and maintains the believer's constant orientation toward Allah.

زَكَاة

Quran ×32

Zakat (Almsgiving)

zakat

Fiqh · Quran

Zakat is the obligatory annual almsgiving and one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It is due on wealth that exceeds the nisab threshold after one lunar year. The standard rate is 2.5% on gold, silver, and trade goods. Quran mentions zakat alongside prayer 32 times, emphasizing its central role. It purifies wealth and redistributes it to eight categories of recipients mentioned in Quran 9:60.

ذِكْر

Quran ×292

Dhikr (Remembrance of Allah)

dhikr

Sufism · Quran

Dhikr is the Islamic practice of remembering and mentioning Allah through repetition of His names and praises. The Quran commands: 'Remember Me and I will remember you' (2:152). Common forms include SubhanAllah, Alhamdulillah, Allahu Akbar, and La ilaha illallah. In Sufism, dhikr is the central method of spiritual purification and proximity to Allah.

زُهْد

Quran ×1

Zuhd (Asceticism)

zuhd

Sufism · Ethics

Zuhd means renouncing excessive attachment to worldly pleasures and possessions. It does not mean becoming poor or abandoning the world, but rather freeing the heart from worldly desires while still engaging with life. A foundational concept in Islamic spirituality, zuhd redirects one's focus from the temporary to the eternal.

الظُّلْم

Quran ×289

Dhulm

ẓulm

Ethics · Aqidah

Dhulm means injustice and oppression — placing something other than in its rightful place, transgressing proper limits, and denying others their rights. Appearing 289 times in the Quran, it is one of the most frequently condemned moral failings in Islam. The gravest dhulm is shirk, but it encompasses all forms of wrong against Allah, others, and oneself.

What does "Quran ×N" mean on word cards?

The number indicates how many times the root of that word appears in the Quran. A higher frequency generally signals the term's centrality in Islamic theology — for example, the root of "iman" (faith) appears 537 times.

What is the difference between Fiqh and Aqidah terms?

Fiqh terms relate to Islamic jurisprudence — rules governing worship, transactions, and personal conduct (e.g. halal, wudu, zakat). Aqidah terms concern articles of faith — belief in Allah, angels, prophecy, resurrection, and divine decree (e.g. tawhid, qadar, ba'th).

Why are Arabic root letters important?

Arabic is a root-based language: most words share a three-consonant root from which dozens of related words are derived. Understanding the root reveals a word's core semantic field. For example, the root s-l-m (س-ل-م) gives Islam, Muslim, salaam, and taslim — all connected by the concept of peace and submission.

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