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Home/Arabic–English Dictionary

Arabic–English Islamic Dictionary

105 terms · Quranic vocabulary, fiqh, aqida, tafsir and Islamic concepts explained in English

Each entry includes the original Arabic script, transliteration, root analysis, theological definition, and Quranic or hadith references — designed to serve both English-speaking learners and scholars.

AllFiqhAqidahTafsirHadithSufismQuranEthicsWorship

وُضُوء

Quran ×1

Wudu (Ablution)

wudu

Fiqh

Wudu is the ritual ablution required before performing salah (prayer) and touching the Quran. Its obligatory acts include washing the face, hands up to elbows, wiping the head, and washing the feet. It is commanded in Quran 5:6. Prayer performed without wudu is invalid. The Prophet said sins fall away with each drop of water during wudu.

عَدَالَة

Quran ×28

Adala (Justice)

'adala

Fiqh · Ethics · Quran

Adala means justice, equity, and giving every person their due right. Allah's name Al-Adl (the Just) derives from this root. The Quran commands: 'Allah commands justice, excellence, and giving to relatives' (16:90). In Islamic jurisprudence, a judge's primary qualification is being 'adil (just). Justice encompasses both vertical justice (toward Allah) and horizontal justice (toward all creation).

عَفْو

Quran ×35

Afw (Forgiveness/Pardon)

'afw

Ethics · Quran

Afw means pardon and forgiveness — letting go of resentment and the right to retaliate. Allah's name Al-Afuww (the Pardoner) derives from this root. The Quran asks: 'Let them pardon and overlook — would you not love for Allah to forgive you?' (24:22). The Prophet forgave all enemies at the Conquest of Mecca. Forgiveness is seen as a sign of strength and nobility of character.

12

About This Dictionary

The Islam Agenda Arabic–English Dictionary is a curated reference for English-speaking Muslims, students of Islamic studies, and anyone seeking to understand the theological vocabulary of the Quran and classical Islamic scholarship. Each entry includes the original Arabic script with diacritics, romanized transliteration, root letters (which unlock the word's family of meanings), grammatical category, and a scholarly definition.

Where applicable, entries note how many times the word — or its root — appears in the Quran, providing an immediate sense of the term's centrality in Islamic thought. Contextual sections include Quranic verse references translated according to Sahih International and hadith citations from Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.

The dictionary is organised into eight disciplines — Fiqh, Aqidah, Tafsir, Hadith, Sufism, Seerah, Worship, and Ethics — reflecting the major branches of Islamic knowledge. Use the filters above to browse by category, or search for a specific term to access its full entry.

What Each Entry Contains

Arabic Script & Root

The word in its original Arabic with vowel marks (tashkeel), its three-letter root, and transliteration into Latin script.

Scholarly Definition

A concise 50–60 word definition optimised for clarity, followed by a detailed explanation drawing on classical and contemporary scholarship.

Quranic & Hadith Context

Key verses from the Quran and prophetic traditions that illustrate how the term is used in its primary sources.

Frequently Asked Questions

What sources does this dictionary use?

Definitions are drawn from the Quran (Sahih International translation), Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and established works of Islamic jurisprudence and theology. Classical Arabic lexicons such as Lisān al-ʿArab inform root analyses.

عَقِيدَة

Aqida (Creed)

aqida

Aqidah

Aqida refers to the core beliefs and articles of faith in Islam that a Muslim holds with firm conviction. The six articles of faith — belief in Allah, His angels, scriptures, messengers, the Day of Judgment, and divine decree — form the foundation of Islamic aqida. The science of kalam (theology) systematically examines and defends these beliefs.

اَللّٰهُ أَكْبَر

Allahu Akbar (Allah is the Greatest)

allahu akbar

Fiqh · Quran

Allahu Akbar — 'Allah is the Greatest' — is known as the takbir. It opens every unit of prayer (salah) as the iftitah takbir and is recited at each transition during prayer. It is also part of the adhan and iqama. Muslims proclaim it during moments of joy, triumph, and gratitude. Theologically, it declares that nothing is greater than Allah — all worldly power and prestige pales before His magnificence.

آيَة

Quran ×382

Aya (Verse/Sign)

aya

Tafsir · Quran

Aya (pl. ayat) means both a verse of the Quran and a sign or miracle of Allah. The Quran contains 6,236 verses. The double meaning is theologically rich: each Quranic verse is a divine sign, and natural phenomena are also described as ayat of Allah's existence and power. 'We will show them Our signs on the horizons and within themselves until it becomes clear to them that it is the Truth' (41:53).

بَعْث

Quran ×19

Ba'th (Resurrection)

ba'th

Aqidah · Quran

Ba'th is the resurrection of the dead on the Day of Judgment. It is a central article of Islamic faith, affirmed repeatedly in the Quran: 'Then after that you will surely die, then on the Day of Resurrection you will be raised.' Belief in resurrection instills accountability and motivates righteous conduct. All souls will be gathered for reckoning (hisab) before Allah.

بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ

Quran ×114

Basmala (Bismillah)

bismillah

Fiqh · Quran

The Basmala — 'Bismillah ir-Rahman ir-Rahim' (In the name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful) — opens 113 of the Quran's 114 surahs. Muslims recite it before meals, travel, and any significant action. The Prophet said: 'Any important matter that does not begin with Bismillah is incomplete.' The Basmala anchors every act in the divine name, transforming routine activities into acts of worship.

كَبِيرَة

Quran ×8

Kabira (Major Sin)

kabira

Fiqh · Ethics

Kabira (pl. kaba'ir) refers to major sins in Islamic ethics. The Prophet identified seven destructive major sins: associating partners with Allah (shirk), murder, magic, consuming usury (riba), devouring orphan's property, fleeing from battle, and slandering chaste women. Committing major sins without repentance risks divine punishment, but Allah may forgive whomever He wills except shirk.

جَهَنَّم

Quran ×77

Jahannam (Hell)

jahannam

Aqidah · Quran

Jahannam is the Islamic concept of Hell — the place of punishment for disbelievers and wrongdoers in the afterlife. The Quran describes seven levels; the deepest is for hypocrites (4:145). According to mainstream Islamic theology, sinful believers may enter Hell but will eventually be removed by Allah's mercy; only disbelievers remain eternally. Quranic descriptions of Hellfire serve as vivid warnings to encourage moral accountability in this life.

جَنَّة

Quran ×147

Janna (Paradise)

janna

Aqidah · Quran

Janna is Paradise — the eternal abode of bliss prepared for those who believe in Allah and do righteous deeds. The Quran describes eight levels of Paradise, with Al-Firdaws as the highest. The Prophet said: 'Allah has prepared for His righteous servants what no eye has seen, no ear has heard, and no human heart has conceived.' The greatest reward in Paradise is the beatific vision of Allah (ru'yatullah).

جِهَاد

Quran ×41

Jihad (Striving)

jihad

Fiqh · Ethics · Quran

Jihad means striving in the way of Allah. It has three dimensions: the greater jihad (struggle against the ego and lower desires), the lesser jihad (defensive armed struggle), and jihad of the tongue and pen (spreading truth). When returning from battle, the Prophet said: 'We have returned from the lesser jihad to the greater jihad — the struggle against the self.' Jihad is fundamentally about striving for justice and righteousness.

جِنّ

Quran ×22

Jinn

jinn

Aqidah · Quran

Jinn are beings created from smokeless fire who, like humans, possess free will and are accountable to Allah. The 72nd surah of the Quran is named Al-Jinn and describes a group of jinn who heard the Quran and accepted Islam. Jinn can be Muslim or disbeliever and will be judged on the Day of Judgment. The Quran warns against seeking help from jinn, as this can constitute a form of shirk.

دَعْوَة

Quran ×212

Da'wah (Invitation to Islam)

da'wa

Fiqh · Quran

Da'wah means calling people to Islam and conveying its message. The Quran instructs: 'Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good instruction' (16:125). Da'wah can be done through speech, exemplary conduct, and written materials. It is considered a collective obligation (fard kifaya) upon the Muslim community, though the Prophet's companions saw it as a personal duty for every believer.

دِين

Quran ×101

Din (Religion)

dīn

Aqidah · Quran

Din means religion or a complete way of life governing belief, worship, and ethics. Mentioned 101 times in the Quran, it encompasses the three dimensions: Islam (submission), Iman (faith), and Ihsan (excellence). The Quran declares: "Indeed, the religion in the sight of Allah is Islam." (3:19) Din is comprehensive — it regulates both individual and social life.

دُعَاء

Quran ×211

Dua (Supplication)

duʿāʾ

Worship · Quran

Dua is the act of supplication — calling upon Allah with humility, seeking His help, mercy, and blessings. Mentioned 211 times in the Quran and described as "the essence of worship", dua can be made at any time. Allah promises to respond to sincere supplications: "Call upon Me; I will respond to you." (Quran 40:60)

أَدَب

Adab (Etiquette/Propriety)

adab

Ethics · Sufism

Adab means proper comportment, etiquette, and refined conduct in every sphere of life — with Allah, the Prophet, scholars, parents, and all people. In Sufism, adab is a prerequisite of the spiritual path. The Prophet said: 'My Lord taught me adab and how excellent was His teaching.' Islamic literature from Quran to classical poetry emphasizes adab as the hallmark of true knowledge and piety.

الْحَمْدُ لِلَّه

Quran ×37

Alhamdulillah (All Praise to Allah)

alhamdulillah

Quran · Ethics

Alhamdulillah means 'All praise belongs to Allah.' It opens Surah Al-Fatiha and is one of the most recited phrases in Islam. The Prophet said: 'Alhamdulillah fills the scale (of good deeds).' Muslims say it upon sneezing, completing a good deed, and receiving any blessing. Hamd (praise) is specifically for Allah, encompassing both gratitude for blessings and praise for His inherent attributes.

أَمَانَة

Quran ×6

Amanah (Trust)

amānah

Ethics · Quran

Amanah means trust, honesty, and the responsible keeping of what is entrusted to you. The Prophet Muhammad was known as "Al-Amin" (the Trustworthy) long before his prophethood. Betraying a trust is listed among the signs of hypocrisy. In a broader sense, the human being itself is described as a trust from Allah.

أَذَان

Quran ×2

Adhan (Call to Prayer)

adhan

Fiqh

Adhan is the Islamic call to prayer recited five times daily to announce prayer times. It begins with 'Allahu Akbar' (Allah is the Greatest) and ends with 'La ilaha illallah' (There is no god but Allah). The first muezzin was Bilal ibn Rabah. The Fajr adhan includes 'Al-salatu khayrun mina al-nawm' (Prayer is better than sleep). The adhan is both a practical summons and a daily public proclamation of tawhid.

فَرْض

Quran ×14

Fard (Obligatory)

fard

Fiqh

Fard is an obligatory religious duty in Islam whose performance is rewarded and whose neglect is sinful. The five pillars of Islam — shahada, salah, zakat, sawm, and hajj — are all fard. Fard is divided into fard ayn (individual obligation) and fard kifaya (collective obligation fulfilled when enough people perform it).

فَنَاء

Quran ×2

Fana (Annihilation in God)

fana'

Sufism

Fana' is the Sufi concept of the annihilation of the ego in Allah — the dissolution of the lower self's desires and will in divine consciousness. It is paired with baqa' (subsistence in Allah). After fana', the mystic no longer acts from selfish impulse but from divine guidance alone. This station represents one of the highest degrees of spiritual realization in Sufi thought.

فَتْوَى

Quran ×7

Fatwa (Religious Ruling)

fatwa

Fiqh

A fatwa is a formal legal opinion or ruling issued by a qualified Islamic scholar (mufti) on a specific question. Unlike a court judgment (hukm), a fatwa is advisory in nature and not legally binding on individuals. Fatwas address worship, family matters, financial transactions, medical ethics, and contemporary issues. Their authority depends on the scholar's qualifications and methodology.

فِتْنَة

Quran ×60

Fitnah (Trial/Discord)

fitnah

Aqidah · Quran · Seerah

Fitnah means trial, discord, civil strife, or religious persecution. Appearing 60 times in the Quran, it is used in multiple senses: trials and tests from Allah, persecution of believers, and civil unrest among Muslims. The Quran states: "Fitnah is worse than killing" (2:191), emphasizing the gravity of causing societal discord.

غُسْل

Quran ×1

Ghusl (Ritual Bath)

ghusl

Fiqh

Ghusl is the full ritual bath required to remove major ritual impurity (janaba) caused by marital relations, menstruation, or postpartum bleeding. It is obligatory before performing prayer, fasting, and hajj. The obligatory acts include rinsing the mouth, inhaling water into the nostrils, and washing the entire body. Ghusl on Fridays is also strongly recommended.

حَج

Quran ×8

Hajj (Pilgrimage)

hajj

Fiqh · Quran

Hajj is the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, obligatory once in a lifetime for every Muslim who is physically and financially able. Performed in Dhul-Hijja, its rites include wearing ihram, tawaf (circumambulation of the Kaaba), sa'y between Safa and Marwa, standing at Arafat, and stoning the pillars. It is the fifth pillar of Islam and the largest annual gathering of humanity.

حَدِيث

Hadith

hadith

Hadith

Hadith are recorded sayings, actions, and tacit approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. They form Islam's second primary source of law and theology after the Quran. The two most authoritative collections are Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. Hadith are classified by chain of transmission (isnad) and text authenticity into sahih (sound), hasan (good), and da'if (weak) categories.

خَلِيفَة

Quran ×9

Khalifa (Caliph/Steward)

khalifa

Fiqh · Quran

Khalifa means successor, vicegerent, or caliph. The Quran declares that Allah made humanity His khalifa (steward) on earth (6:165). Historically, the Caliphate began with Abu Bakr as-Siddiq after the Prophet's death and represented the political and religious leadership of the Muslim community. The institution lasted until the Ottoman Caliphate was formally abolished in 1924.

حَرَام

Quran ×83

Haram (Forbidden)

haram

Fiqh · Quran

Haram refers to anything strictly forbidden by Islamic law. Committing a haram act is a sin deserving punishment in both this world and the hereafter. Major categories include pork, alcohol, usury (riba), adultery, and murder. Islamic jurisprudence identifies five rulings (ahkam); haram is the most severe prohibition.

حَيَاء

Quran ×2

Haya' (Modesty/Shyness)

haya

Ethics

Haya' (or hayah) means modesty, bashfulness, and a sense of shame that prevents indecent speech and behavior. The Prophet said: 'Haya is part of faith' and 'Haya brings nothing but good.' Haya is directed toward Allah (by avoiding what He has forbidden), toward people (by behaving with propriety), and toward oneself (by upholding personal integrity). It is a defining virtue of Islamic character.

حَلَال

Quran ×15

Halal (Permissible)

halal

Fiqh

Halal refers to anything permissible or lawful under Islamic law. It applies to food, drink, financial transactions, and behavior. The Quran repeatedly instructs believers to eat from what is halal and good (tayyib). Halal is the opposite of haram (forbidden) and forms one of the five rulings (ahkam) of Islamic jurisprudence.

هِجْرَة

Quran ×31

Hijrah (Migration)

hijrah

Seerah · Quran

Hijrah refers to the migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. This event marks the beginning of the Islamic lunar calendar. Hijrah was a pivotal moment in Islamic history, establishing the first Muslim community in Medina. In a broader sense, hijrah means emigrating for the sake of Allah.

هِدَايَة

Quran ×316

Hidayah (Guidance)

hidāyah

Aqidah · Quran

Hidayah means divine guidance — being shown and following the right path. Mentioned 316 times in the Quran, it is Allah's greatest gift to humanity. Every Muslim asks for hidayah at least 17 times daily in the Fatiha: "Guide us to the straight path." While ultimately from Allah, humans are responsible for seeking and accepting guidance.

حِكْمَة

Quran ×19

Hikma (Wisdom)

hikma

Ethics · Quran

Hikma means wisdom — understanding the true nature of things and acting appropriately in every situation. Allah's name Al-Hakim (the Most Wise) derives from this root. The Quran states: 'Whoever is given wisdom has truly been given abundant good' (2:269). Wisdom encompasses deep knowledge (ilm), sound judgment (aql), and proper action (amal) aligned with divine guidance.

حِلْم

Quran ×11

Hilm (Forbearance)

hilm

Ethics

Hilm means forbearance, restraint, and composure — the ability to remain calm and gentle in the face of provocation. Allah's name Al-Halim (the Most Forbearing) comes from this root. The Prophet praised hilm as one of the most beloved traits. A person of hilm controls anger with reason and wisdom. It was one of the most admired virtues in both pre-Islamic and Islamic Arabia.

خُطْبَة

Khutba (Sermon)

khutba

Fiqh

Khutba is the sermon delivered at Friday (Jumu'a) prayer and the two Eid prayers. It is an obligatory part of Jumu'a worship — the prayer is invalid without it. A khutba consists of two parts separated by a brief sitting; it includes praise of Allah, blessings on the Prophet, and guidance on religious and social matters. The Friday khutba is a weekly opportunity for community education and spiritual renewal.

إِبْلِيس

Quran ×11

Iblis (Satan)

iblis

Aqidah · Quran

Iblis is the jinn (or fallen angel in some interpretations) who refused to prostrate before Adam out of arrogance and was expelled from Allah's mercy. The Quran records his defiant declaration: 'I am better than him — You created me from fire and him from clay' (7:12). Iblis was granted respite until the Day of Judgment to mislead humanity. The Quran assures that Allah's sincere servants (mukhlisin) are protected from his influence.

إِجَارَة

Ijara (Lease)

ijara

Fiqh

Ijara is an Islamic contract of lease or hire, allowing the use of an asset or service for a specified period in exchange for payment. It is widely used in Islamic finance as a riba-free alternative to conventional lending. Ijara requires clear definition of the leased object, rental amount, and duration. Islamic mortgages and car financing often use ijara structures.

إِجْمَاع

Ijma' (Scholarly Consensus)

ijma'

Fiqh

Ijma' is the consensus of qualified Islamic jurists of a given era on a legal question. It is the third source of Islamic law after the Quran and Sunnah. The hadith 'My community will not agree upon an error' provides its jurisprudential basis. Once established, ijma' is binding on subsequent generations. It serves as a safeguard against deviant rulings and preserves the community's legal heritage.

اِجْتِهَاد

Ijtihad (Independent Reasoning)

ijtihad

Fiqh

Ijtihad is the exertion of maximum effort by a qualified scholar to derive a legal ruling from the Quran and Sunnah. It is the engine of Islamic legal development. The Prophet said a mujtahid who reaches the correct ruling gets two rewards, and one who errs gets one reward — encouraging scholarly engagement. Ijtihad allows Islamic law to address new situations while remaining grounded in divine sources.

إِخْلَاص

Quran ×31

Ikhlas (Sincerity)

ikhlāṣ

Aqidah · Worship · Sufism

Ikhlas means sincerity and purity of intention — performing acts of worship solely for Allah's pleasure, free from ostentation and desire for recognition. Derived from the root meaning "to purify," ikhlas is a prerequisite for the acceptance of any deed. Surah Al-Ikhlas (112) is named after this virtue and encapsulates pure monotheism.

إِحْسَان

Quran ×166

Ihsan

iḥsān

Aqidah · Ethics

Ihsan means excellence and perfection in worship and conduct. The Prophet Muhammad defined it as: "To worship Allah as if you see Him; and if you cannot achieve this, then worship Him knowing that He sees you." It represents the highest level of faith and is the third dimension of religion alongside Islam and Iman.

عِلْم

Quran ×750

'Ilm (Knowledge)

'ilm

Quran · Ethics

Ilm means knowledge and learning — one of the most emphasized concepts in Islam. The first Quranic revelation was 'Iqra' (Read/Recite), signaling the centrality of knowledge. Allah is Al-Alim (the All-Knowing). The Quran asks rhetorically: 'Are those who know equal to those who do not know?' (39:9). Seeking knowledge is an obligation for every Muslim, and scholars are exalted in the Islamic tradition.

إِمَام

Quran ×12

Imam (Leader)

imam

Fiqh · Quran

Imam means leader or one who stands in front. In Islamic prayer, the imam leads the congregation in salah. The Quran mentions that Allah made Ibrahim 'an imam for mankind' (2:124). The term applies to: prayer leaders (imam al-salah), religious scholars and founders of legal schools (Imam Abu Hanifa, Imam Malik, etc.), and political/community leaders. The role carries significant spiritual responsibility.

إِيمَان

Quran ×537

Iman

īmān

Aqidah

Iman means faith or belief in Islam. It encompasses belief in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, the Last Day, and divine decree. Appearing 537 times in the Quran, iman is the foundation of Islam and is described as residing in the heart, affirmed by the tongue, and demonstrated through actions.

إِسْنَاد

Isnad (Chain of Narration)

isnād

Hadith

Isnad is the chain of transmitters through which a hadith is traced back to the Prophet Muhammad. The reliability of a hadith depends significantly on the strength of its isnad. Islamic scholars developed an unprecedented system of biographical analysis (rijal criticism) to verify each narrator's reliability, character, and memory.

تَقْدِير

Quran ×24

Qadar (Divine Decree)

taqdeer

Aqidah · Quran

Qadar is belief in divine decree — that Allah has foreknowledge of all things, has recorded everything in al-Lawh al-Mahfuz (the Preserved Tablet), and that nothing happens outside His will and power. It is one of the six pillars of iman. Belief in qadar does not negate human free will but places it within Allah's encompassing knowledge and wisdom.

قَلْب

Quran ×132

Qalb (Heart)

qalb

Aqidah · Sufism · Quran

Qalb (heart) in Islamic understanding is not just the physical organ but the seat of faith, intention, and spiritual consciousness. Mentioned 132 times in the Quran, the heart is where iman resides. The Prophet said: "There is a piece of flesh in the body; if it is sound, the whole body is sound; if it is corrupt, the whole body is corrupt — it is the heart."

لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ

Quran ×37

La ilaha illallah

lā ilāha illallāh

Aqidah · Worship

"La ilaha illallah" — "There is no deity worthy of worship except Allah" — is the first part of the Islamic declaration of faith (Shahada). It is the most important phrase in Islam, representing the absolute monotheism at the core of the faith. The Prophet described it as the best form of remembrance and the key to Paradise.

كَرَم

Quran ×9

Karam (Generosity)

karam

Ethics · Quran

Karam means generosity, nobility, and magnanimity. Allah's name "Al-Karim" (The Most Generous) derives from this root. In Islamic ethics, generosity includes giving one's wealth, knowledge, and time for the sake of Allah. The Prophet described generosity as a tree in Paradise and miserliness as a tree in Hellfire.

قِبْلَة

Quran ×4

Qibla

qiblah

Worship

Qibla is the direction Muslims face when performing prayer — toward the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Facing the qibla is an obligatory condition for the validity of prayer. The qibla was changed from Jerusalem to Mecca approximately 16-17 months after the Prophet's migration to Medina, as revealed in Quran 2:144.

قِيَاس

Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning)

qiyas

Fiqh

Qiyas is analogical reasoning — the fourth source of Islamic law. A jurist extends the ruling of an existing text to a new case that shares the same effective cause (illa). For example, since wine is forbidden due to its intoxicating effect (illa), all other intoxicants are prohibited by qiyas. Qiyas allows Islamic jurisprudence to address contemporary issues not explicitly mentioned in the Quran or Sunnah.

كُفْر

Quran ×37

Kufr (Disbelief)

kufr

Aqidah · Quran

Kufr means disbelief — rejection of Allah, His messengers, the Quran, or any established article of Islamic faith. It is derived from the root meaning "to cover," as the kafir covers the truth. Scholars distinguish between kufr in creed (denying core beliefs) and kufr in action (abandoning obligatory practices). Sincere repentance removes kufr.

قُرْآن

Quran ×70

Qur'an

qur'an

Tafsir · Quran

The Quran is the holy scripture of Islam, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad over 23 years through the Angel Jibril. It consists of 114 surahs and 6,236 verses. The Quran is considered the literal word of Allah, preserved perfectly since revelation. Its literary inimitability (ijaz) is itself considered a miracle. Allah guarantees its preservation: 'Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its guardian' (15:9).

مَغْفِرَة

Quran ×234

Maghfira (Divine Forgiveness)

maghfira

Aqidah · Quran

Maghfira is Allah's forgiveness and covering of sins. Allah's names Al-Ghafur (the Oft-Forgiving) and Al-Ghaffar (the Ever-Forgiving) derive from this root. The Quran offers profound hope: 'Say: O My servants who have transgressed — do not despair of Allah's mercy; Allah forgives all sins' (39:53). Istighfar (seeking forgiveness) is the act of requesting mughfira. It is paired with tawba in the Islamic path of spiritual renewal.

مَقَاصِد الشَّرِيعَة

Maqasid al-Shari'a (Objectives of Islamic Law)

maqasid al-shari'a

Fiqh

Maqasid al-shari'a refers to the five essential objectives that Islamic law aims to protect: religion (din), life (nafs), intellect (aql), lineage/progeny (nasl), and property (mal). Systematized by Al-Ghazali and Al-Shatibi, these objectives provide the philosophical foundation for Islamic jurisprudence. Maqasid theory guides scholars in addressing contemporary legal issues by reference to overarching divine purposes.

مَكْرُوه

Makruh (Disliked)

makruh

Fiqh

Makruh refers to acts that are disapproved or disliked in Islamic law but not explicitly forbidden. In Hanafi jurisprudence it is divided into makruh tahriman (closer to haram) and makruh tanzihan (mildly disliked). Avoiding makruh is praiseworthy; committing it may incur minor sin depending on the category.

مَلَك

Quran ×88

Malak (Angel)

malak

Aqidah · Quran

Mala'ika (angels) are spiritual beings created from light, who obey Allah perfectly and never sin. Belief in angels is one of the six pillars of iman. The four archangels are: Jibril (revelation), Mika'il (sustenance), Israfil (the Trumpet on Judgment Day), and Azra'il (death). The Kiraman Katibin angels record human deeds. Unlike humans and jinn, angels have no free will and are never tested.

مَسْجِد

Quran ×22

Masjid (Mosque)

masjid

Worship · Quran

A masjid (mosque) is a place of worship for Muslims — literally "a place of prostration." The first mosque in Islam was the Quba Mosque built by the Prophet in Medina. The three holiest mosques are Masjid al-Haram (Mecca), Masjid al-Nabawi (Medina), and Al-Aqsa (Jerusalem). The mosque serves as the center of Muslim community life.

مَذْهَب

Madhhab (Legal School)

madhhab

Fiqh

A madhhab is a school of Islamic jurisprudence built around the methodology of a founding imam. The four major Sunni madhhabs are Hanafi (Abu Hanifa), Maliki (Imam Malik), Shafi'i (Imam al-Shafi'i), and Hanbali (Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal). Each school developed a coherent methodology for deriving legal rulings from the Quran and Sunnah. The existence of multiple madhhabs reflects the richness and flexibility of Islamic legal thought.

What does "Quran ×N" mean on word cards?

The number indicates how many times the root of that word appears in the Quran. A higher frequency generally signals the term's centrality in Islamic theology — for example, the root of "iman" (faith) appears 537 times.

What is the difference between Fiqh and Aqidah terms?

Fiqh terms relate to Islamic jurisprudence — rules governing worship, transactions, and personal conduct (e.g. halal, wudu, zakat). Aqidah terms concern articles of faith — belief in Allah, angels, prophecy, resurrection, and divine decree (e.g. tawhid, qadar, ba'th).

Why are Arabic root letters important?

Arabic is a root-based language: most words share a three-consonant root from which dozens of related words are derived. Understanding the root reveals a word's core semantic field. For example, the root s-l-m (س-ل-م) gives Islam, Muslim, salaam, and taslim — all connected by the concept of peace and submission.

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