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Home/Arabic–English Dictionary

Arabic–English Islamic Dictionary

36 terms · Quranic vocabulary, fiqh, aqida, tafsir and Islamic concepts explained in English

Each entry includes the original Arabic script, transliteration, root analysis, theological definition, and Quranic or hadith references — designed to serve both English-speaking learners and scholars.

AllFiqhAqidahTafsirHadithSufismQuranEthicsWorship

وُضُوء

Quran ×1

Wudu (Ablution)

wudu

Fiqh

Wudu is the ritual ablution required before performing salah (prayer) and touching the Quran. Its obligatory acts include washing the face, hands up to elbows, wiping the head, and washing the feet. It is commanded in Quran 5:6. Prayer performed without wudu is invalid. The Prophet said sins fall away with each drop of water during wudu.

عَدَالَة

Quran ×28

Adala (Justice)

'adala

Fiqh · Ethics · Quran

Adala means justice, equity, and giving every person their due right. Allah's name Al-Adl (the Just) derives from this root. The Quran commands: 'Allah commands justice, excellence, and giving to relatives' (16:90). In Islamic jurisprudence, a judge's primary qualification is being 'adil (just). Justice encompasses both vertical justice (toward Allah) and horizontal justice (toward all creation).

اَللّٰهُ أَكْبَر

Allahu Akbar (Allah is the Greatest)

allahu akbar

Fiqh · Quran

Allahu Akbar — 'Allah is the Greatest' — is known as the takbir. It opens every unit of prayer (salah) as the iftitah takbir and is recited at each transition during prayer. It is also part of the adhan and iqama. Muslims proclaim it during moments of joy, triumph, and gratitude. Theologically, it declares that nothing is greater than Allah — all worldly power and prestige pales before His magnificence.

About This Dictionary

The Islam Agenda Arabic–English Dictionary is a curated reference for English-speaking Muslims, students of Islamic studies, and anyone seeking to understand the theological vocabulary of the Quran and classical Islamic scholarship. Each entry includes the original Arabic script with diacritics, romanized transliteration, root letters (which unlock the word's family of meanings), grammatical category, and a scholarly definition.

Where applicable, entries note how many times the word — or its root — appears in the Quran, providing an immediate sense of the term's centrality in Islamic thought. Contextual sections include Quranic verse references translated according to Sahih International and hadith citations from Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.

The dictionary is organised into eight disciplines — Fiqh, Aqidah, Tafsir, Hadith, Sufism, Seerah, Worship, and Ethics — reflecting the major branches of Islamic knowledge. Use the filters above to browse by category, or search for a specific term to access its full entry.

What Each Entry Contains

Arabic Script & Root

The word in its original Arabic with vowel marks (tashkeel), its three-letter root, and transliteration into Latin script.

Scholarly Definition

A concise 50–60 word definition optimised for clarity, followed by a detailed explanation drawing on classical and contemporary scholarship.

Quranic & Hadith Context

Key verses from the Quran and prophetic traditions that illustrate how the term is used in its primary sources.

Frequently Asked Questions

What sources does this dictionary use?

Definitions are drawn from the Quran (Sahih International translation), Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and established works of Islamic jurisprudence and theology. Classical Arabic lexicons such as Lisān al-ʿArab inform root analyses.

بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ

Quran ×114

Basmala (Bismillah)

bismillah

Fiqh · Quran

The Basmala — 'Bismillah ir-Rahman ir-Rahim' (In the name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful) — opens 113 of the Quran's 114 surahs. Muslims recite it before meals, travel, and any significant action. The Prophet said: 'Any important matter that does not begin with Bismillah is incomplete.' The Basmala anchors every act in the divine name, transforming routine activities into acts of worship.

كَبِيرَة

Quran ×8

Kabira (Major Sin)

kabira

Fiqh · Ethics

Kabira (pl. kaba'ir) refers to major sins in Islamic ethics. The Prophet identified seven destructive major sins: associating partners with Allah (shirk), murder, magic, consuming usury (riba), devouring orphan's property, fleeing from battle, and slandering chaste women. Committing major sins without repentance risks divine punishment, but Allah may forgive whomever He wills except shirk.

جِهَاد

Quran ×41

Jihad (Striving)

jihad

Fiqh · Ethics · Quran

Jihad means striving in the way of Allah. It has three dimensions: the greater jihad (struggle against the ego and lower desires), the lesser jihad (defensive armed struggle), and jihad of the tongue and pen (spreading truth). When returning from battle, the Prophet said: 'We have returned from the lesser jihad to the greater jihad — the struggle against the self.' Jihad is fundamentally about striving for justice and righteousness.

دَعْوَة

Quran ×212

Da'wah (Invitation to Islam)

da'wa

Fiqh · Quran

Da'wah means calling people to Islam and conveying its message. The Quran instructs: 'Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good instruction' (16:125). Da'wah can be done through speech, exemplary conduct, and written materials. It is considered a collective obligation (fard kifaya) upon the Muslim community, though the Prophet's companions saw it as a personal duty for every believer.

أَذَان

Quran ×2

Adhan (Call to Prayer)

adhan

Fiqh

Adhan is the Islamic call to prayer recited five times daily to announce prayer times. It begins with 'Allahu Akbar' (Allah is the Greatest) and ends with 'La ilaha illallah' (There is no god but Allah). The first muezzin was Bilal ibn Rabah. The Fajr adhan includes 'Al-salatu khayrun mina al-nawm' (Prayer is better than sleep). The adhan is both a practical summons and a daily public proclamation of tawhid.

فَرْض

Quran ×14

Fard (Obligatory)

fard

Fiqh

Fard is an obligatory religious duty in Islam whose performance is rewarded and whose neglect is sinful. The five pillars of Islam — shahada, salah, zakat, sawm, and hajj — are all fard. Fard is divided into fard ayn (individual obligation) and fard kifaya (collective obligation fulfilled when enough people perform it).

فَتْوَى

Quran ×7

Fatwa (Religious Ruling)

fatwa

Fiqh

A fatwa is a formal legal opinion or ruling issued by a qualified Islamic scholar (mufti) on a specific question. Unlike a court judgment (hukm), a fatwa is advisory in nature and not legally binding on individuals. Fatwas address worship, family matters, financial transactions, medical ethics, and contemporary issues. Their authority depends on the scholar's qualifications and methodology.

غُسْل

Quran ×1

Ghusl (Ritual Bath)

ghusl

Fiqh

Ghusl is the full ritual bath required to remove major ritual impurity (janaba) caused by marital relations, menstruation, or postpartum bleeding. It is obligatory before performing prayer, fasting, and hajj. The obligatory acts include rinsing the mouth, inhaling water into the nostrils, and washing the entire body. Ghusl on Fridays is also strongly recommended.

حَج

Quran ×8

Hajj (Pilgrimage)

hajj

Fiqh · Quran

Hajj is the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, obligatory once in a lifetime for every Muslim who is physically and financially able. Performed in Dhul-Hijja, its rites include wearing ihram, tawaf (circumambulation of the Kaaba), sa'y between Safa and Marwa, standing at Arafat, and stoning the pillars. It is the fifth pillar of Islam and the largest annual gathering of humanity.

خَلِيفَة

Quran ×9

Khalifa (Caliph/Steward)

khalifa

Fiqh · Quran

Khalifa means successor, vicegerent, or caliph. The Quran declares that Allah made humanity His khalifa (steward) on earth (6:165). Historically, the Caliphate began with Abu Bakr as-Siddiq after the Prophet's death and represented the political and religious leadership of the Muslim community. The institution lasted until the Ottoman Caliphate was formally abolished in 1924.

حَرَام

Quran ×83

Haram (Forbidden)

haram

Fiqh · Quran

Haram refers to anything strictly forbidden by Islamic law. Committing a haram act is a sin deserving punishment in both this world and the hereafter. Major categories include pork, alcohol, usury (riba), adultery, and murder. Islamic jurisprudence identifies five rulings (ahkam); haram is the most severe prohibition.

حَلَال

Quran ×15

Halal (Permissible)

halal

Fiqh

Halal refers to anything permissible or lawful under Islamic law. It applies to food, drink, financial transactions, and behavior. The Quran repeatedly instructs believers to eat from what is halal and good (tayyib). Halal is the opposite of haram (forbidden) and forms one of the five rulings (ahkam) of Islamic jurisprudence.

خُطْبَة

Khutba (Sermon)

khutba

Fiqh

Khutba is the sermon delivered at Friday (Jumu'a) prayer and the two Eid prayers. It is an obligatory part of Jumu'a worship — the prayer is invalid without it. A khutba consists of two parts separated by a brief sitting; it includes praise of Allah, blessings on the Prophet, and guidance on religious and social matters. The Friday khutba is a weekly opportunity for community education and spiritual renewal.

إِجَارَة

Ijara (Lease)

ijara

Fiqh

Ijara is an Islamic contract of lease or hire, allowing the use of an asset or service for a specified period in exchange for payment. It is widely used in Islamic finance as a riba-free alternative to conventional lending. Ijara requires clear definition of the leased object, rental amount, and duration. Islamic mortgages and car financing often use ijara structures.

إِجْمَاع

Ijma' (Scholarly Consensus)

ijma'

Fiqh

Ijma' is the consensus of qualified Islamic jurists of a given era on a legal question. It is the third source of Islamic law after the Quran and Sunnah. The hadith 'My community will not agree upon an error' provides its jurisprudential basis. Once established, ijma' is binding on subsequent generations. It serves as a safeguard against deviant rulings and preserves the community's legal heritage.

اِجْتِهَاد

Ijtihad (Independent Reasoning)

ijtihad

Fiqh

Ijtihad is the exertion of maximum effort by a qualified scholar to derive a legal ruling from the Quran and Sunnah. It is the engine of Islamic legal development. The Prophet said a mujtahid who reaches the correct ruling gets two rewards, and one who errs gets one reward — encouraging scholarly engagement. Ijtihad allows Islamic law to address new situations while remaining grounded in divine sources.

إِمَام

Quran ×12

Imam (Leader)

imam

Fiqh · Quran

Imam means leader or one who stands in front. In Islamic prayer, the imam leads the congregation in salah. The Quran mentions that Allah made Ibrahim 'an imam for mankind' (2:124). The term applies to: prayer leaders (imam al-salah), religious scholars and founders of legal schools (Imam Abu Hanifa, Imam Malik, etc.), and political/community leaders. The role carries significant spiritual responsibility.

قِيَاس

Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning)

qiyas

Fiqh

Qiyas is analogical reasoning — the fourth source of Islamic law. A jurist extends the ruling of an existing text to a new case that shares the same effective cause (illa). For example, since wine is forbidden due to its intoxicating effect (illa), all other intoxicants are prohibited by qiyas. Qiyas allows Islamic jurisprudence to address contemporary issues not explicitly mentioned in the Quran or Sunnah.

مَقَاصِد الشَّرِيعَة

Maqasid al-Shari'a (Objectives of Islamic Law)

maqasid al-shari'a

Fiqh

Maqasid al-shari'a refers to the five essential objectives that Islamic law aims to protect: religion (din), life (nafs), intellect (aql), lineage/progeny (nasl), and property (mal). Systematized by Al-Ghazali and Al-Shatibi, these objectives provide the philosophical foundation for Islamic jurisprudence. Maqasid theory guides scholars in addressing contemporary legal issues by reference to overarching divine purposes.

مَكْرُوه

Makruh (Disliked)

makruh

Fiqh

Makruh refers to acts that are disapproved or disliked in Islamic law but not explicitly forbidden. In Hanafi jurisprudence it is divided into makruh tahriman (closer to haram) and makruh tanzihan (mildly disliked). Avoiding makruh is praiseworthy; committing it may incur minor sin depending on the category.

مَذْهَب

Madhhab (Legal School)

madhhab

Fiqh

A madhhab is a school of Islamic jurisprudence built around the methodology of a founding imam. The four major Sunni madhhabs are Hanafi (Abu Hanifa), Maliki (Imam Malik), Shafi'i (Imam al-Shafi'i), and Hanbali (Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal). Each school developed a coherent methodology for deriving legal rulings from the Quran and Sunnah. The existence of multiple madhhabs reflects the richness and flexibility of Islamic legal thought.

مُبَاح

Mubah (Permitted)

mubah

Fiqh

Mubah refers to actions that are neither commanded nor forbidden in Islamic law — performing or abstaining from them carries no sin or reward in itself. It is the fifth of the five legal rulings (ahkam). Most daily activities fall under mubah. Intention can elevate a mubah act to worship if done for the sake of Allah.

نَاسِخ وَ مَنْسُوخ

Nasikh and Mansukh (Abrogation)

nasikh wa mansukh

Tafsir · Fiqh

Nasikh (the abrogating text) and mansukh (the abrogated text) refer to the Islamic legal doctrine of abrogation — where a later Quranic verse or hadith supersedes an earlier ruling. The Quran states: 'We do not abrogate a verse or cause it to be forgotten except that We bring forth one better than it' (2:106). Understanding naskh is essential for reconciling apparently contradictory rulings in Quran and Sunnah.

نِيَّة

Niyya (Intention)

niyya

Fiqh · Ethics

Niyya means sincere intention of the heart before an act of worship. The famous hadith states: "Actions are judged by intentions." Without niyya, acts of worship such as prayer, fasting, and hajj are considered invalid. Niyya is made in the heart; verbalizing it is considered a sunna. Sincerity of intention is what transforms routine acts into worship.

رِبَا

Quran ×8

Riba (Usury/Interest)

riba

Fiqh · Quran

Riba means any unjust increase in a loan or exchange transaction, broadly translated as usury or interest. The Quran prohibits it in the strongest terms: "Allah destroys riba but increases charity" (2:276). Both giving and receiving riba are declared sinful. Islamic finance offers alternatives such as murabaha, mudaraba, and ijara to enable economic activity without interest.

شَرِيعَة

Quran ×5

Shari'a (Islamic Law)

shari'a

Fiqh · Quran

Shari'a is the comprehensive divine law and moral code of Islam, derived from the Quran, Sunnah, scholarly consensus (ijma'), and analogical reasoning (qiyas). The word literally means 'a path leading to water.' Shari'a governs all aspects of life including worship, family law, commerce, criminal matters, and ethics. It aims to realize five essential objectives (maqasid): preserving religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property.

سُنَّة

Quran ×16

Sunna (Prophetic Practice)

sunna

Fiqh · Hadith

Sunna refers to the words, actions, and tacit approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. It is the second primary source of Islamic law after the Quran. In jurisprudence, sunna as a legal ruling means a recommended act whose performance is rewarded but whose omission is not punished. It is divided into sunna mu'akkada (emphasized) and ghair mu'akkada (non-emphasized).

طَهَارَة

Quran ×6

Tahara (Purification)

tahara

Fiqh

Tahara means ritual purity in Islamic law, encompassing both physical cleanliness and spiritual purification. It is a prerequisite for prayer (salah) and reciting the Quran. Minor impurity (hadath asghar) is removed by wudu, while major impurity (hadath akbar) requires ghusl. The Prophet said: "Cleanliness is half of faith."

تَيَمُّم

Quran ×2

Tayammum (Dry Ablution)

tayammum

Fiqh · Quran

Tayammum is the dry ablution performed with clean earth when water is unavailable or its use would be harmful. It substitutes for both wudu and ghusl. Mentioned in Quran 4:43 and 5:6, it involves striking clean earth and wiping the face and hands. Tayammum is a mercy and concession (rukhsa) from Allah reflecting Islam's principle of ease.

تَوْبَة

Quran ×87

Tawba (Repentance)

tawba

Fiqh · Ethics · Quran

Tawba is sincere repentance and turning back to Allah after sin. Its three conditions are: ceasing the sin, feeling genuine remorse, and resolving never to return to it. If the sin involved wronging another person, making amends is also required. The Quran states: 'Allah loves those who repent' (2:222). The door of repentance remains open until the soul reaches the throat at death.

وَاجِب

Wajib (Necessary)

wajib

Fiqh

Wajib in Hanafi jurisprudence is an obligatory act slightly below fard in rank, established by probable (zanni) rather than definitive (qati) evidence. Neglecting it is sinful but less severe than neglecting fard. Examples include witr prayer, udhiyya (sacrifice), and sadaqat al-fitr. In Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali schools, wajib and fard are synonymous.

وَقْف

Waqf (Endowment)

waqf

Fiqh

Waqf is an Islamic endowment in which property is dedicated in perpetuity for charitable purposes. The principal cannot be sold or transferred; only its revenues are used for the designated charitable cause. It is considered sadaqa jariya (ongoing charity) that continues to benefit the donor after death. Mosques, schools, hospitals, and libraries have historically been funded through waqf institutions.

زَكَاة

Quran ×32

Zakat (Almsgiving)

zakat

Fiqh · Quran

Zakat is the obligatory annual almsgiving and one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It is due on wealth that exceeds the nisab threshold after one lunar year. The standard rate is 2.5% on gold, silver, and trade goods. Quran mentions zakat alongside prayer 32 times, emphasizing its central role. It purifies wealth and redistributes it to eight categories of recipients mentioned in Quran 9:60.

What does "Quran ×N" mean on word cards?

The number indicates how many times the root of that word appears in the Quran. A higher frequency generally signals the term's centrality in Islamic theology — for example, the root of "iman" (faith) appears 537 times.

What is the difference between Fiqh and Aqidah terms?

Fiqh terms relate to Islamic jurisprudence — rules governing worship, transactions, and personal conduct (e.g. halal, wudu, zakat). Aqidah terms concern articles of faith — belief in Allah, angels, prophecy, resurrection, and divine decree (e.g. tawhid, qadar, ba'th).

Why are Arabic root letters important?

Arabic is a root-based language: most words share a three-consonant root from which dozens of related words are derived. Understanding the root reveals a word's core semantic field. For example, the root s-l-m (س-ل-م) gives Islam, Muslim, salaam, and taslim — all connected by the concept of peace and submission.

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