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Home/Arabic–English Dictionary

Arabic–English Islamic Dictionary

107 terms · Quranic vocabulary, fiqh, aqida, tafsir and Islamic concepts explained in English

Each entry includes the original Arabic script, transliteration, root analysis, theological definition, and Quranic or hadith references — designed to serve both English-speaking learners and scholars.

AllFiqhAqidahTafsirHadithSufismQuranEthicsWorship

مَهْر

Quran ×4

Mahr (Dowry)

mahr

Fiqh · Quran

Mahr is the obligatory gift of wealth that a husband gives to his wife as part of the nikah contract. The Quran commands: 'Give women their mahr as a free gift' (4:4). It is the wife's exclusive right — she may demand it, defer it, or voluntarily return it. No minimum or maximum amount is fixed in most schools; what matters is mutual agreement. Mahr is a symbol of honor and commitment.

مَلَك

Quran ×88

Malak (Angel)

malak

Aqidah · Quran

Mala'ika (angels) are spiritual beings created from light, who obey Allah perfectly and never sin. Belief in angels is one of the six pillars of iman. The four archangels are: Jibril (revelation), Mika'il (sustenance), Israfil (the Trumpet on Judgment Day), and Azra'il (death). The Kiraman Katibin angels record human deeds. Unlike humans and jinn, angels have no free will and are never tested.

مَسْجِد

Quran ×22

Masjid (Mosque)

masjid

Worship · Quran

A masjid (mosque) is a place of worship for Muslims — literally "a place of prostration." The first mosque in Islam was the Quba Mosque built by the Prophet in Medina. The three holiest mosques are Masjid al-Haram (Mecca), Masjid al-Nabawi (Medina), and Al-Aqsa (Jerusalem). The mosque serves as the center of Muslim community life.

12

About This Dictionary

The Islam Agenda Arabic–English Dictionary is a curated reference for English-speaking Muslims, students of Islamic studies, and anyone seeking to understand the theological vocabulary of the Quran and classical Islamic scholarship. Each entry includes the original Arabic script with diacritics, romanized transliteration, root letters (which unlock the word's family of meanings), grammatical category, and a scholarly definition.

Where applicable, entries note how many times the word — or its root — appears in the Quran, providing an immediate sense of the term's centrality in Islamic thought. Contextual sections include Quranic verse references translated according to Sahih International and hadith citations from Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.

The dictionary is organised into eight disciplines — Fiqh, Aqidah, Tafsir, Hadith, Sufism, Seerah, Worship, and Ethics — reflecting the major branches of Islamic knowledge. Use the filters above to browse by category, or search for a specific term to access its full entry.

What Each Entry Contains

Arabic Script & Root

The word in its original Arabic with vowel marks (tashkeel), its three-letter root, and transliteration into Latin script.

Scholarly Definition

A concise 50–60 word definition optimised for clarity, followed by a detailed explanation drawing on classical and contemporary scholarship.

Quranic & Hadith Context

Key verses from the Quran and prophetic traditions that illustrate how the term is used in its primary sources.

Frequently Asked Questions

What sources does this dictionary use?

Definitions are drawn from the Quran (Sahih International translation), Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and established works of Islamic jurisprudence and theology. Classical Arabic lexicons such as Lisān al-ʿArab inform root analyses.

مَسْجِد

Quran ×28

Masjid (Mosque)

masjid

Fiqh · Quran

Masjid means 'place of prostration' — a mosque. The three holiest mosques in Islam are Masjid al-Haram (Mecca), Masjid al-Nabawi (Medina), and Masjid al-Aqsa (Jerusalem). The Quran states: 'The mosques of Allah are only to be maintained by those who believe in Allah' (9:18). Beyond prayer, mosques historically served as centers of learning, community consultation, and social welfare.

مِيزَان

Quran ×23

Mizan (Scale of Deeds)

mizan

Aqidah · Quran

Mizan (the Scale) is the divine balance on which deeds will be weighed on the Day of Judgment. The Quran says: 'The weighing that Day will be the truth. Whose scales are heavy — they are the successful' (7:8). The heaviest deeds on the scale include the shahada, prayer, and remembrance of Allah. Belief in the Mizan instills the conviction that no deed — however small — is lost and that perfect divine justice will prevail.

الْمُهَاجِرُون

Quran ×9

Muhajirun (The Emigrants)

al-muhajirun

Seerah · Quran

Muhajirun were the early Muslims who emigrated from Mecca to Medina, sacrificing their homes and wealth for Allah's sake. The Quran praises them as those 'who strove with their wealth and lives in the cause of Allah' (9:20). Together with the Ansar, they formed the first Muslim community that would go on to transform human history. They are among the 'al-sabiqun al-awwalun' (the foremost in faith) promised Allah's good pleasure.

صَلَاة

Quran ×99

Salah (Prayer)

ṣalāh

Worship · Quran

Salah (prayer) is the second pillar of Islam — the ritual prayer performed five times daily at fixed times. It consists of specific bodily postures, recitations from the Quran, and glorifications of Allah. Mentioned 99 times in the Quran, salah is described as the direct connection between the believer and Allah.

نَفْس

Quran ×295

Nafs (Soul/Self)

nafs

Aqidah · Sufism · Quran

Nafs refers to the soul, self, or psyche. Mentioned 295 times in the Quran, it has three states: nafs al-ammarah (the commanding soul inclined toward evil), nafs al-lawwamah (the self-reproaching soul), and nafs al-mutmainnah (the soul at peace). In Islamic spirituality, purifying the nafs is one of the highest goals of worship.

نِفَاق

Quran ×13

Nifaq (Hypocrisy)

nifaq

Aqidah · Quran

Nifaq means hypocrisy — outwardly professing Islam while inwardly rejecting it. The munafiq (hypocrite) was a major concern in early Islamic society. The Quran warns that hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of the Fire (4:145). The Prophet identified three signs of a hypocrite: lying when speaking, breaking promises, and betraying trust.

نِكَاح

Quran ×23

Nikah (Marriage Contract)

nikah

Fiqh · Quran

Nikah is the Islamic marriage contract — a solemn covenant between a man and a woman. Its essential elements include the offer and acceptance (ijab wa qabul), mahr (dowry), and two witnesses. The Prophet said: 'Marriage is my sunnah; whoever turns away from my sunnah is not of me.' Nikah transforms a relationship into a sacred bond and is the lawful means of establishing a family.

نِعْمَة

Quran ×145

Ni'mah (Blessing)

niʿmah

Aqidah · Quran

Ni'mah refers to any blessing or bounty granted by Allah to His creation. Mentioned 145 times in the Quran, blessings include health, intellect, faith, sustenance, and safety. The greatest blessing is iman (faith). Allah says: "If you were to count the blessings of Allah, you would never be able to enumerate them." (Quran 14:34)

النُّور

Quran ×43

Nur

nūr

Aqidah · Quran · Sufism

Nur means divine light and illumination. It is one of the 99 names of Allah, described in the Quran as "the Light of the heavens and the earth" (24:35). Appearing 43 times, nur symbolises divine guidance, the Quran itself, and the light of faith in the believer's heart. In Sufi tradition it refers to the divine manifestation that illuminates the purified soul.

صَوْم

Quran ×14

Sawm (Fasting)

ṣawm

Worship · Quran

Sawm (fasting) is the third pillar of Islam — abstaining from food, drink, and sexual relations from dawn to sunset during the month of Ramadan. It is a spiritual practice aimed at developing taqwa (God-consciousness), empathy for the poor, and self-discipline. The Quran explicitly commands fasting in Surah Al-Baqarah.

رَحْمَة

Quran ×339

Rahma (Mercy/Compassion)

rahma

Quran · Ethics

Rahma means mercy, compassion, and tenderness. It is the root of Allah's names Al-Rahman (the Most Compassionate) and Al-Rahim (the Most Merciful) — recited at the start of every surah in the Quran. The Prophet said: 'He who does not show mercy will not be shown mercy.' Rahma encompasses Allah's limitless mercy toward creation, the Prophet's compassion for his community, and believers' care for one another.

رَمَضَان

Quran ×1

Ramadan

ramaḍān

Worship · Quran

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar — the holy month of fasting. The Quran was first revealed during this month. It contains Laylat al-Qadr (the Night of Decree), described as better than a thousand months. Muslims fast from dawn to sunset, increase in prayer and charity, and seek forgiveness throughout the month.

رَسُول

Quran ×513

Rasul (Messenger)

rasūl

Aqidah · Quran

A Rasul (Messenger) is a prophet who was given a new scripture and a new set of laws by Allah. Unlike a nabi (prophet), a rasul brought a new divine message to his people. Appearing 513 times in the Quran, the word means "one who is sent." Prophet Muhammad is the last and final Messenger of Allah.

رِبَا

Quran ×8

Riba (Usury/Interest)

riba

Fiqh · Quran

Riba means any unjust increase in a loan or exchange transaction, broadly translated as usury or interest. The Quran prohibits it in the strongest terms: "Allah destroys riba but increases charity" (2:276). Both giving and receiving riba are declared sinful. Islamic finance offers alternatives such as murabaha, mudaraba, and ijara to enable economic activity without interest.

رِضَا

Quran ×73

Rida (Contentment/Divine Pleasure)

rida

Sufism · Ethics · Quran

Rida has two dimensions: the servant's contentment with Allah's decrees, and Allah's pleasure with the servant. The Quran describes the ultimate station: 'Allah is pleased with them and they are pleased with Him' (98:8). In Sufi thought, rida is a higher station than sabr (patience) — not merely enduring hardship but being inwardly at peace with divine will.

الرُّوح

Quran ×21

Ruh

rūḥ

Aqidah · Quran

Ruh is the soul or spirit — the divine breath Allah breathed into the human being at creation. When asked about the ruh, the Quran responds: "Say: The ruh is of the command of my Lord, and of knowledge you have been given only a little" (17:85). Its nature remains one of the divine mysteries. At death the soul departs and continues existence in the barzakh.

صَبْر

Quran ×90

Sabr (Patience)

ṣabr

Ethics · Quran

Sabr means patience and steadfast endurance in Islam. Appearing 90 times in the Quran, it encompasses three forms: patience in times of calamity, patience in refraining from sin, and patience in fulfilling acts of worship. Allah promises to be with those who are patient and grants them immeasurable reward.

صَوْم

Quran ×14

Sawm (Fasting)

sawm

Fiqh · Quran

Sawm is the Islamic practice of fasting — abstaining from food, drink, and other specified acts from dawn to sunset. Fasting in Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Allah says in a hadith qudsi: "Fasting is for Me and I shall reward it." Beyond Ramadan, voluntary fasts on Mondays, Thursdays, and the Day of Arafah are highly recommended.

شَرِيعَة

Quran ×5

Shari'a (Islamic Law)

shari'a

Fiqh · Quran

Shari'a is the comprehensive divine law and moral code of Islam, derived from the Quran, Sunnah, scholarly consensus (ijma'), and analogical reasoning (qiyas). The word literally means 'a path leading to water.' Shari'a governs all aspects of life including worship, family law, commerce, criminal matters, and ethics. It aims to realize five essential objectives (maqasid): preserving religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property.

شِرْك

Quran ×23

Shirk (Polytheism/Association)

shirk

Aqidah · Quran

Shirk is the sin of associating partners with Allah — the greatest transgression in Islam. The Quran states Allah will not forgive shirk but may forgive lesser sins for whom He wills (4:116). Major shirk includes explicit idol worship, while minor shirk includes showing off in worship (riya). Shirk negates tawhid and invalidates all deeds if not repented from.

صِدْق

Quran ×17

Sidq (Truthfulness)

sidq

Ethics · Sufism · Quran

Sidq means truthfulness in speech, action, and inner state — a foundational virtue in Islamic ethics. The Quran commands: 'O you who believe, fear Allah and be with the truthful' (9:119). Abu Bakr earned the title 'Al-Siddiq' (the most truthful) for his unwavering truthfulness. Sidq requires harmony between one's heart, tongue, and deeds.

صِدْق

Quran ×155

Sidq (Truthfulness)

ṣidq

Ethics · Quran

Sidq means truthfulness and sincerity in all its dimensions — in speech, intention, resolve, and action. One of the core virtues in Islam, it is one of the fundamental qualities of the Prophet Muhammad. The Prophet said: "Truthfulness leads to righteousness, and righteousness leads to Paradise." Its opposite is kadhib (lying), which leads to hellfire.

صِرَاط

Quran ×45

Sirat (The Path)

sirat

Aqidah · Quran

Sirat has two meanings: the straight path (sirat al-mustaqim) that believers follow in this life, and the bridge over Hell on the Day of Judgment. The opening surah of the Quran, Al-Fatiha, asks Allah: 'Guide us to the straight path.' In eschatology, all humans must cross the bridge over Hell; the righteous will cross swiftly while the sinful will fall.

الصِّرَاط الْمُسْتَقِيم

Quran ×45

Al-Sirat al-Mustaqim (The Straight Path)

al-sirat al-mustaqim

Aqidah · Quran

Al-Sirat al-Mustaqim — the straight path — is invoked at least 17 times daily in Al-Fatiha: 'Guide us to the straight path.' It is the path of the prophets, the truthful, the martyrs, and the righteous (4:69). Following it requires holding to the Quran, the Sunnah, and the scholarly consensus of the Muslim community. In eschatology, the sirat is also the bridge over Hell that all souls must cross on the Day of Judgment.

سُبْحَانَ اللّٰه

Quran ×41

SubhanAllah (Glory be to Allah)

subhanallah

Quran · Ethics

SubhanAllah means 'Glory be to Allah' — declaring Allah free from all imperfections, deficiencies, and any likeness to creation. The act of glorification is called tasbih, and the prayer beads used for it share this name. The Prophet said these four words — SubhanAllah, Alhamdulillah, La ilaha illallah, and Allahu Akbar — are more beloved to him than all that the sun rises upon.

شُكْر

Quran ×75

Shukr (Gratitude)

shukr

Ethics · Quran

Shukr means gratitude and thankfulness to Allah for His blessings. Appearing 75 times in the Quran, it is expressed through the heart (acknowledging blessings), the tongue (saying Alhamdulillah), and limbs (using blessings in obedience to Allah). Allah promises: "If you are grateful, I will certainly increase you in favor." (Quran 14:7)

شُكْر

Quran ×75

Shukr (Gratitude)

shukr

Ethics · Quran

Shukr is gratitude to Allah expressed through the heart, tongue, and limbs. The Quran promises: 'If you are grateful, I will surely increase you' (14:7). Heart gratitude means recognizing blessings as from Allah; verbal gratitude is saying Alhamdulillah; physical gratitude means using blessings in obedience to Allah. Shukr is the opposite of ingratitude (kufran al-ni'ma).

سُورَة

Quran ×9

Sura (Chapter of the Quran)

sura

Tafsir · Quran

A sura is a chapter of the Quran. The Quran contains 114 suras of varying lengths, from the three-verse Al-Kawthar to the 286-verse Al-Baqara. Meccan suras (revealed before Hijra) focus on theology and faith; Medinan suras address social, legal, and community matters. All suras except At-Tawba begin with the Basmala (Bismillah ir-Rahman ir-Rahim).

تَقْوَى

Quran ×258

Taqwa

taqwā

Aqidah · Quran · Ethics

Taqwa is an Arabic term meaning God-consciousness, piety, and mindful fear of Allah. Derived from the root meaning "to protect", it refers to guarding oneself from sin by obeying Allah's commands. Occurring 258 times in the Quran, taqwa is considered the foundation of righteous character in Islam.

طَلَاق

Quran ×7

Talaq (Divorce)

talaq

Fiqh · Quran

Talaq is the Islamic form of divorce initiated by the husband. The Prophet described it as 'the most disliked of permissible acts to Allah.' Islam grants three opportunities for talaq, with the first two allowing reconciliation (raj'a) within the waiting period (idda). The third talaq results in permanent separation unless the woman marries another man and is divorced by him. The idda period protects the wife's welfare and establishes paternity.

تَجْوِيد

Tajwid (Quran Recitation Rules)

tajwid

Tafsir · Quran

Tajwid is the science of reciting the Quran correctly — giving each letter its proper articulation point (makhraj) and attributes (sifat). The Quran commands: 'Recite the Quran slowly and distinctly' (73:4). Tajwid rules govern pronunciation of letters, elongation (madd), assimilation (idgham), nasalization (ghunna), and more. Proper tajwid preserves the Quran's meaning and honors its divine origin.

تَدَبُّر

Quran ×4

Tadabbur (Pondering the Qur'an)

tadabbur

Tafsir · Quran

Tadabbur means deep reflection and contemplation of Quranic verses — going beyond recitation to understand, feel, and act upon their meanings. The Quran asks repeatedly: 'Do they not reflect on the Quran?' (4:82). The Prophet's companions were known for their depth of tadabbur; Ibn Masud said they did not memorize ten verses until they understood and acted upon them. Tadabbur transforms recitation from a ritual into a life-changing encounter.

التَّهَجُّد

Quran ×1

Tahajjud (Night Vigil Prayer)

tahajjud

Worship · Quran

Tahajjud is the voluntary night prayer performed after sleeping and waking in the last third of the night. The Quran commands the Prophet: 'Rise during the night and pray as an additional offering — perhaps your Lord will raise you to a praised station' (17:79). The Prophet described it as the most excellent voluntary prayer after the obligatory ones. Allah especially descends in the final third of the night to answer supplications.

تَوَكُّل

Quran ×13

Tawakkul (Trust in Allah)

tawakkul

Sufism · Ethics · Quran

Tawakkul is complete reliance and trust in Allah after taking all necessary means. It is not passivity but active striving followed by surrendering the outcome to Allah. The Quran promises: 'Whoever relies upon Allah — He is sufficient for him' (65:3). The Prophet said: 'Tie your camel first, then put your trust in Allah.' Tawakkul brings inner peace and freedom from anxiety.

تَوَكُّل

Quran ×44

Tawakkul (Trust in Allah)

tawakkul

Sufism · Aqidah · Quran

Tawakkul means complete trust and reliance upon Allah after taking the necessary means. Mentioned 44 times in the Quran, it is not passivity but rather wholehearted dependence on Allah after exhausting one's efforts. The Prophet said: "Tie your camel, then put your trust in Allah." It is a central virtue in Islamic spirituality.

تَوْحِيد

Tawhid (Monotheism)

tawhid

Aqidah · Quran

Tawhid is the Islamic concept of the absolute oneness of Allah — the belief that Allah is one, unique, without partner or equal. It is the central pillar of Islamic theology. Scholars categorize tawhid into three types: tawhid al-rububiyya (oneness of lordship), tawhid al-uluhiyya (oneness in worship), and tawhid al-asma wa'l-sifat (oneness of names and attributes).

تَيَمُّم

Quran ×2

Tayammum (Dry Ablution)

tayammum

Fiqh · Quran

Tayammum is the dry ablution performed with clean earth when water is unavailable or its use would be harmful. It substitutes for both wudu and ghusl. Mentioned in Quran 4:43 and 5:6, it involves striking clean earth and wiping the face and hands. Tayammum is a mercy and concession (rukhsa) from Allah reflecting Islam's principle of ease.

تَوْبَة

Quran ×87

Tawba (Repentance)

tawba

Fiqh · Ethics · Quran

Tawba is sincere repentance and turning back to Allah after sin. Its three conditions are: ceasing the sin, feeling genuine remorse, and resolving never to return to it. If the sin involved wronging another person, making amends is also required. The Quran states: 'Allah loves those who repent' (2:222). The door of repentance remains open until the soul reaches the throat at death.

أُخُوَّة

Quran ×4

Ukhuwwa (Brotherhood)

ukhuwwa

Ethics · Quran

Ukhuwwa means Islamic brotherhood — the bond of faith that unites all Muslims regardless of race, language, or nationality. The Quran declares: 'The believers are but brothers' (49:10). Brotherhood entails love, mutual support, giving sincere counsel (nasiha), supplicating for one another, and protecting each other's rights. The Prophet institutionalized brotherhood by pairing the Ansar and Muhajirun (muakhat).

أُمَّة

Quran ×64

Ummah (Muslim Community)

ummah

Aqidah · Quran · Seerah

Ummah refers to the global Muslim community united by faith in Allah and following Prophet Muhammad. Mentioned 64 times in the Quran, it transcends racial, national, and linguistic boundaries. The Prophet described the Ummah as a single body: "When one limb suffers, the whole body responds with sleeplessness and fever." Unity of the Ummah is an Islamic obligation.

وَحْي

Quran ×78

Wahy (Divine Revelation)

waḥy

Aqidah · Tafsir · Quran

Wahy refers to divine revelation — the communication from Allah to His prophets. Mentioned 78 times in the Quran, it occurs in multiple forms: through the angel Jibril, through true dreams, or as direct inspiration to the heart. The revelation to Prophet Muhammad produced the Quran and Sunnah. Wahy ended with the Prophet's death.

وَفَاء

Quran ×16

Wafa (Faithfulness/Loyalty)

wafa

Ethics · Quran

Wafa means faithfulness and loyalty — fulfilling commitments, covenants, and promises. The Quran commands: 'Fulfil every promise — surely you will be called to account for it' (17:34). Breaking promises is listed as a sign of hypocrisy. Wafa encompasses loyalty to Allah (by maintaining one's covenant of faith), loyalty to the Prophet (by following his Sunnah), and loyalty to people (by keeping one's word).

زَكَاة

Quran ×32

Zakat (Almsgiving)

zakat

Fiqh · Quran

Zakat is the obligatory annual almsgiving and one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It is due on wealth that exceeds the nisab threshold after one lunar year. The standard rate is 2.5% on gold, silver, and trade goods. Quran mentions zakat alongside prayer 32 times, emphasizing its central role. It purifies wealth and redistributes it to eight categories of recipients mentioned in Quran 9:60.

ذِكْر

Quran ×292

Dhikr (Remembrance of Allah)

dhikr

Sufism · Quran

Dhikr is the Islamic practice of remembering and mentioning Allah through repetition of His names and praises. The Quran commands: 'Remember Me and I will remember you' (2:152). Common forms include SubhanAllah, Alhamdulillah, Allahu Akbar, and La ilaha illallah. In Sufism, dhikr is the central method of spiritual purification and proximity to Allah.

What does "Quran ×N" mean on word cards?

The number indicates how many times the root of that word appears in the Quran. A higher frequency generally signals the term's centrality in Islamic theology — for example, the root of "iman" (faith) appears 537 times.

What is the difference between Fiqh and Aqidah terms?

Fiqh terms relate to Islamic jurisprudence — rules governing worship, transactions, and personal conduct (e.g. halal, wudu, zakat). Aqidah terms concern articles of faith — belief in Allah, angels, prophecy, resurrection, and divine decree (e.g. tawhid, qadar, ba'th).

Why are Arabic root letters important?

Arabic is a root-based language: most words share a three-consonant root from which dozens of related words are derived. Understanding the root reveals a word's core semantic field. For example, the root s-l-m (س-ل-م) gives Islam, Muslim, salaam, and taslim — all connected by the concept of peace and submission.

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